The conducted research has provided identification and systematization of key problems in the economic activities of Russian agricultural enterprises, which act as systemic constraints on growth and can be solved through technological modernization. At the macro level, it has been proven that the quantitative growth in production and exports hides the signs of a raw material model: a low share of value added, a 3-7-fold lag in labor productivity from world leaders, and the concentration of exports on low-value products. Three interrelated blocks of systemic problems have been identified and structured: resource-technological (critical depreciation of funds, high resource intensity, import dependence), managerial-efficiency (low profitability, gaps in logistics, shortage of personnel) and quality-market (quality instability, resource orientation). It has been established that the extensive development model has exhausted its potential. A matrix of cause-and-effect relationships has been developed, vividly demonstrating how modern digital technologies (precision farming, IoT, robotics, blockchain) form an interconnected stack for a comprehensive solution to the identified problems. The main conclusion is the proof that deep technological modernization is not just desirable, but a necessary imperative to overcome the "trap of inefficiency" and transition to an intensive growth model. The system transformation will simultaneously increase productivity, reduce costs, guarantee quality and create high added value, ensuring the long-term competitiveness of the Russian agro-industrial complex.